​Title: Effective ship domain – Impact of ship size and speed

Author/Authors: Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, Mirosław Wielgosz

Place of publication: OCEAN ENGINEERING

Year: 2021

Key words: Collision avoidance manoeuvres, simulation research, ship domain, safety zone, ship encounters, collision risk, restricted area, ship speed

Abstract: The ship domain is a concept commonly proposed as a safety assessment criterion in planning collision avoidance manoeuvres of a ship or its safe route. The work presents authors’ methods for determining an effective ship domain based on tests using Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) simulator. The tests were conducted on non-autonomous real time models of ships steered by expert navigators. Domains were determined for ships of different sizes and speeds. The ship domain was approximated to an ellipse. The study covered absolute and relative domains, the latter defined in ship length units. The dependence of the domain shape and size on ship size and speed has been analysed and described. The formulated analytical relationships enable us to determine the domain of a ship varying in size and speed.

Website address (link) to the full text of the publication: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801820313305

DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108423

​Title: Navigators’ Behavior Analysis Using Data Mining

Author/Authors: Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, Mirosław Wielgosz, Marcin Breitsprecher

Place of publication: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Year: 2020

Key words: behavior patterns; sea navigation; safety profile; data mining

Abstract: One of the ways to prevent accidents at sea is to detect risks caused by humans and to counteract them. These tasks can be executed through an analysis of ship maneuvers and the identification of behavior considered to be potentially dangerous, e.g., based on data obtained online from the automatic identification system (AIS). As a result, additional measures or actions can be taken, e.g., passing at a distance greater than previously planned. The detection of risks at sea requires a prior definition of behavior patterns and the criteria assigned to them. Each pattern represents a specific navigator’s safety profile. The criteria assigned to each pattern for the identification of the navigator’s safety profile were determined from previously recorded AIS data. Due to a large amount of data and their complex relationships, these authors have proposed to use data mining tools. This work continues previous research on this subject. The conducted analysis covered data recorded in simulation tests done by navigators. Typical ship encounter situations were included. Based on additional simulation data, the patterns of behavior were verified for the determination of a navigator’s safety profile. An example of using the presented method is given.

Website address (link) to the full text of the publication: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/8/1/50

DOI: 10.3390/jmse8010050

​Title: Ship domainin various visibility conditions in restricted waters

Author/Authors: Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, Marek Siemianowicz, Mirosław Wielgosz

Place of publication: Annual of Navigation

Year: 2018

Key words: navigational safety, restricted area, ship domain, visibility conditions

Abstract: Ship domain is one of navigational safety assessment criteria. Its shape and size depend on many factors, including visibility. This article examines the influence of visibility on the shape and dimensions of ship domain in restricted waters. The research was conducted using a simulator of the ECDIS system with the participation of experts’ navigators. The domains of ships in good and restricted visibility have been compared.

Website address (link) to the full text of the publication: https://annualofnavigation.pl/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/3_PIETRZYKOI-INNI-AF_1806212059293802.pdf

DOI: 10.1515/aon-2018-0003

​Title: Navigation decision support for sea-going ships in port approach areas

Author/Authors: Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, Janusz Magaj, Mirosław Wielgosz

Place of publication: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 54/126

Year: 2018

Key words: navigation, decision support, safety, approach area, ship domain, traffic monitoring, collision

Abstract: Port approaches are high-traffic areas with limited manoeuvring space. Navigation in such areas requires the analysis of large amounts of information, which can impede decision processes. One solution may be the development of decision support systems dedicated to these areas. This paper presents an attempt to build a navigation decision support system operable in the approach area leading to the port of Świnoujście (Poland), with ship domain implemented as a safety criterion. Assumptions for a decision support system to be used by sea-going vessels in port approach areas are formulated and discussed. Specific features of these areas, such as traffic density, bathymetry, available manoeuvring space and legal limitations are taken into account. The source and scope of information available to the ship have been analysed. The scope of decision support has been defined. A ship domain has been proposed as a safety criterion. Approach areas leading to the port of Świnoujście have been investigated on the basis of real Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Vessel movement processes in the chosen area were analysed. Ship domains in various parts of the area were determined. The first results concerning criteria for navigational safety assessment are presented. The conducted studies showed significant differences in the size of domains. A case study was performed on a decision support system operable in the approach area leading to Świnoujście.

Website address (link) to the full text of the publication: http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/2477

DOI: 10.17402/288

​Title: Analysis of the parameters influencing the suitability of a surface unit for search and rescue operations at sea

Author/Authors: Grzegorz Bugajski, Marzena Małyszko, Mirosław Wielgosz

Place of publication: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 53/125

Year: 2018

Key words: SAR operation, effectiveness, selection, coordination, risk, usefulness of unit

Abstract: Research studies have discussed the correct selection and choice of the optimal units for a specific type of search and rescue task. This article has described the characteristics and properties of merchant vessels that determine their potential for SAR (Search and Rescue) operation. An attempt was made to estimate the suitability of a craft according to its effectiveness and risk. This research may have an impact on improving the organization and coordination of search and rescue operations at sea. The authors have proposed criteria for evaluating merchant units during selection for planned SAR actions. A model for evaluating the suitability of a unit has been presented. It is a mathematical model with elements of expert knowledge. The model classifies attributes, taking into account the lower and upper risk limits and introducing a risk sensitivity factor. The article contains tables and graphs.

Website address (link) to the full text of the publication: http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/2450?show=full

DOI: 10.17402/277

​Title: Wykorzystanie systemu AIS do selekcji i doboru jednostek nieratowniczych do akcji SAR

Author/Authors: Marzena Małyszko, Grzegorz Bugajski, Mirosław Wielgosz

Place of publication: Autobusy. Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe

Year: 2017

Key words: system AIS, system automatycznej identyfikacji statków, akcja poszukiwawczo-ratownicza, jednostki nieratownicze, akcja SAR

Abstract: W artykule autorzy analizują możliwość wykorzystania coraz powszechniej dostępnych danych z systemu AIS do celów planowania, prowadzenia i koordynacji akcji poszukiwawczo ratowniczych na morzu. Właściwy dobór adekwatnej jednostki do specyfiki akcji poszukiwawczo-ratowniczej może w znaczący sposób wpłynąć na jej skuteczność. Opracowana metoda filtracji danych AIS jest pomocna w selekcji jednostek nieratowniczych, które pod względem techniczno-eksploatacyjnym różnią się między sobą i w różnym stopni mogą być przydatne do konkretnej akcji SAR. W artykule omówiono działanie sytemu AIS, format pozyskiwanych danych oraz metodę ich dekodowania. Ponadto scharakteryzowano najważniejsze aspekty związane z selekcją i doborem jednostek nieratowniczych do celów akcji poszukiwawczo-ratowniczych w oparciu o dane AIS.

Website address (link) to the full text of the publication: http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-c27968be-61cd-4abc-93de-96f7faa88855?q=0fbc8e35-aa01-4f0d-9451-e2aa42884fc8$1&qt=IN_PAGE

DOI: -

​Title: Ship Domain in Open Sea Areas and Restricted Waters: an Analysis of Influence of the Available Maneuvering Area

Author/Authors: Mirosław Wielgosz

Place of publication: TransNav - The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

Year: 2017

Key words: Ship Domain, Open Sea Areas, Restricted Waters, Available Maneuvering Area, Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), Navigational Safety Assessment, Safety at Sea, Simulation Method

Abstract: A ship domain is nowadays an important navigational safety assessment criterion. Its shape and size depend on many factors. The available maneuvering area seems to be one of the most important of them. This article examines the influence of the available manoeuvring area on the shape and size of ship domain in the open sea and restricted waters. The research was conducted using a simulation method. Expert navigators participated in simulations using the ECDIS system. The domains of ship passages in open sea area andrestricted area have been compared.

Website address (link) to the full text of the publication: http://www.transnav.eu/Article_Ship_Domain_in_Open_Sea_Areas_and_Wielgosz,41,704.html

DOI: 10.12716/1001.11.01.11